1. The Age of Empire 1875 - 1914
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1987   Published: 1996
   Covers the rise of bourgeois society, the growth of free market capitalism and the expansion of European colonialism abroad.
2. Age of Extremes 
   The Short Twentieth Century 1914 - 1991
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1994   Published: 1997
   A overview of the history of the years 1914 - 1991.
3. The Age of Permanent Revolution
   A Trotsky Anthology
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1964
   A collection of writings by Leon Trotsky.
4. The Approaching Storm
   One Woman's Story of Germany 1934-1938
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1939   Published: 1988
   Nora Waln, a Quaker journalist, chronicles her experience living in Germany during the rise of the Third Reich. During those four years, she took covert notes, bearing witness to the rise of Hitler.
5. At the Lenin Shipyards
   Poland and the Rise of the Solidarity Trade Union
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1981
   A first-hand account of the rise of the Solidarity trade union in Poland.
6. Christopher Who? -- Discovering the Americas
   Resource Type: Article
   First Published: 1990
   Columbus seen as a conqueror.
7. The Civil War in France 
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1871
   Written by Karl Marx as an address to the General Council of the International, with the aim of distributing to workers of all countries a clear understanding of the character and world-wide significance of the heroic struggle of the Paris Communards of 1871 and their historical experience to learn from.
   
8. The Condition of the Working Class in England
   Resource Type: Book
   First Published: 1845
   
9. Connexions Library: Europe Focus
   Resource Type: Website
   First Published: 2009
   Selected articles, books, websites and other resources on Europe.
10. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1852
    Marx wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon between December 1851 and March 1852. The "Eighteenth Brumaire" refers to November 9, 1799 in the French Revolutionary Calendar -- the day the first Napoleon Bonaparte had made himself dictator by a coup d'etat. Marx traces how the conflict of different social interests manifest themselves in the complex web of political struggles, and in particular the contradictory relationships between the outer form of a struggle and its real social content.
11. Eurocentrism 
    Resource Type: Book
    Amin argues that Eurocentrism is an ideological distortion, a myth and historical fallacy and argues for a new social, economic, cultural and political system based on socialist universalism.
12. Expulsion of Germans after World War II
    Sources Select Resources Encyclopedia
    Resource Type: Article
    By the end of World War II, most of the German population fled or was expelled from areas outside the territory of post-war Germany and post-war Austria,
13. Expulsion of Poles by Germany
    Sources Select Resources Encyclopedia
    Resource Type: Article
    
14. The Expulsion of the Germans
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 1999
    If the conscience of men ever again becomes sensitive, these expulsions will be remembered to the undying shame of all who committed or connived them... The Germans were expelled, not just with an absence of over-nice consideration, but with the very maximum of brutality.
15. Fires of Hatred
    Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 2002
    A history of genocide, ethnic cleansing and forced deportation of ethnic groups in the 20th century.
16. 1491 
    New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 2005
    A portrait of human life in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.
17. French Army Mutinies (1917)
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    Involved nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the western front.
18. French Revolution of 1848
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    One of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.
19. Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand
    Exhbition Resistance to National Socialsim
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1993
    A thorough and chronological account of the many forms of resistance to Nazism in Germany.
20. German Revolution of 1918-19
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    The politically-driven civil conflict in Germany at the end of World War I.
21. Germany and European Civilization
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 1944
    From at least the time of the publication of Capital to the present day, all political and social thought, particularly in Europe, have revolved around the ideas of Marxism. And these ideas were nourished, developed, propagated and defended above all by the German proletariat. Not only the revolutionary movement but modern thought owes the German workers a debt which it can never repay. So far has Marxism penetrated into the thought of the time that today the ideas of hundreds of thousands of intellectuals, who consider themselves anti-Marxists, have validity only to the extent that they have borrowed or unconsciously assimilated the very ideas which they oppose.
    
22. The Great Transformation 
    The political and economic origins of our time
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1944   Published: 1968
    Polanyi analyzes the social and political upheavals that took place in England during the rise of the market economy. Polanyi contends that the modern market economy and the modern nation-state should be understood not as discrete elements, but as a single human invention he calls the "Market Society".
23. A Green History of the World 
    The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1991
    Ponting tracks the "green" history of the world showing how throughout history civilizations have collapsed when they exhausted the earth's natural resources.
24. Hamburg at the Barricades 
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1925   Published: 1977
    Articles by the revolutionary journaliist Larissa Reissner, covering the Hamburg uprising of 1923 and the life and times for Germany in the years 1923-1925.
25. Hungarian Revolution of 1848
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    One of many revolutions that year and closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas.
26. Hungarian Revolution of 1956
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Stalinist government of the People's Republic of Hungary.
27. Hungary 56 
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1964   Published: 1968
    The Hungarian Revolution was far more than a national uprising or than an attempt to change one set of rulers for another. It was a social revolution in the fullest sense of the term.
28. Irish War of Independence
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A guerrilla war mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army.
29. Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution 
    Volume I: State and Bureaucracy
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1977
    A wide-ranging and thorough exposition of Marx's views on democracy.
30. Kiel Naval Mutiny (Wilhelmshaven mutiny)
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A major mutiny by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet in October 1918.
31. The Macmillian Atlas of Irish History
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1997
    A full-colour atlas of Irish history.
32. A Marxist History of the World part 29: The peculiarity of Europe
    e
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    Why Europe? Why was it that the second great transformation in human existence - the development of capitalism and industrial society - was pioneered on the western edge of the Eurasian land-mass?
33. A Marxist History of the World part 35: The new colonialism
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    The Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires founded at the beginning of the 16th century were soon followed by Dutch, English, and French empires. Neil Faulkner looks at how the transformation of the world by European colonialism began.
34. A Marxist History of the World part 38: The Dutch Revolution
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    For more than 40 years, with wildly fluctuating fortunes, the Dutch Revolution of 1566-1609 took the form of a protracted popular war of national defence against the Spanish Empire.
35. A Marxist History of the World part 39: The Thirty Years War
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    Between 1618 and 1648 Germany was wrecked by insecurity, depopulation, disruption to trade, the destruction of property, and military plundering. Neil Faulkner looks at The Thirty Years War.
36. A Marxist History of the World part 52: The 1848 Revolutions
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    Even when progress is reversed, some hard-won gains are permanent. Neil Faulkner examines how the counter-revolution in 1848 failed to entirely turn the clock back.
37. A Marxist History of the World part 59: The Franco-Prussian War
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    In this week's chapter of the Marxist History series Neil Faulkner looks at how Germany’s ruling elite brought about a bourgeois revolution ‘from above’.
38. A Marxist History of the World part 61: The Long Depression, 1873-1896
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    Neil Faulkner writes about the The Long Depression – an unprecedented economic slump which started the countdown to the First World War.
39. A Marxist History of the World part 67: Reform or Revolution?
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    The world Socialist movement was blown apart as its members supported the First World War. Neil Faulkner looks at how the question of reform or revolution lay behind the split.
40. A Marxist History of the World part 68: 1914: descent into barbarism
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    In the summer of 1914 capitalism tipped humanity into an abyss of barbarism that would leave millions dead. Neil Faulkner looks at the First World War.
41. A Marxist History of the World part 70: 1917: the February Revolution
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    As WWI turned into a protracted, bloody struggle the initial enthusiasm gave way to growing class tensions which exploded first in Russia's February Revolution.
42. A Marxist History of the World part 75: The German Revolution
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012
    At the end of the First World War, the epicentre of revolution moved from Petrograd to Berlin. Why did the German communists fail where the Bolsheviks had succeded?
43. May 1968 in France
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    May 1968, referring to the period when the events occurred in France, saw the largest general strike that ever stopped the economy of an advanced industrial country,[1] the first wildcat general strike in history,[1] and a series of student occupation protests.
44. The New-Old World
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 2009
    Perry Anderson presents an analysis of Europe's development since the end of the Cold War. In his analysis, Anderson cuts through some myths about continental Europe and the European Union.
45. Organised persecution of ethnic Germans
    Sources Select Resources Encyclopedia
    Resource Type: Article
    
46. The Peasant War in Germany
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1850
    The Peasant War in Germany was the first history book to assert that the real motivating force behind the Reformation and 16th-century peasant war was socio-economic (class conflict) rather than "merely" religious.
47. A People's History of the World 
    From the Stone Age to the New Millennium
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1999
    Harman describes the shape and course of human history as a narrative of ordinary people forming and re-forming complex societies in pursuit of common human goals.
48. The Perspective of the World
    Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century, Vol. 3
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1984
    
49. Pocket History of the British Working Class
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1942   Published: 1964
    A brief history of the British working class.
50. Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by (typically) peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries.
51. Prague Spring
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
52. Red City, Blue Period
    Social Movements in Picasso's Barcelona
    Resource Type: Book
    
53. Responsibility and Judgment
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 2003
    
54. Rethinking The Idea Of 'Christian Europe'
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2011
    Looking to the traditional, moral and identity platform of Christianity in Europe.
55. Revolutions of 1848
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe.
56. Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    "Germany" at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of 39 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. As nationalist sentiment crystallized into resistance to the traditional political structure, repeated calls for freedom, democracy and national unity came to threaten the status quo.
57. Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    
58. Romanian Revolution of 1989
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Government of Nicolae Ceausescu.
59. Seeds of Fire 
    A People's Chronology
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2012   Published: 2017
    Recalling events that happened on this day in history. Memories of struggle, resistance and persistence.
60. Social Democracy and the Paradox of the Vanguard: Rudolf Hilferding's Odyssey
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 1998
    THE NAZI SEIZURE of power in the winter of 1933 marked the total failure of the reformist project of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) and brought about the party's virtual destruction. From exile in Prague and Paris, the defeated socialist leadership now had to grapple with the implications of this catastrophe for the party's strategy and form of organization. In the face of nazi barbarism, it was clear that the old legal methods would no longer suffice and that new ideas were needed to...
61. The Socialist Register 1966
    Volume 3: A Survey of Movements & Ideas
    Resource Type: Serial Publication (Periodical)
    First Published: 1966
    
62. Spanish Revolution
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.
63. A Terrible Revenge
    The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 1994
    About the expulsion of Germans after World War II.
64. This Rough Game
    Fascism and Anti-Fascism
    Resource Type: Book
    First Published: 2001
    Renton describes the rise of European Fascism, the condition of Weimar Germany, British fascism, Battle of Cable Street and Hitler's life.
65. U.S. Labor's Subterranean Fire
    Against The Current vol. 131
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 2007
    The broad outlines of the crisis of the U.S. labor movement -— sharply declining union density, concession bargaining, failures to organize the growing non-union manufacturing and service sectors, the labor officialdom’s reliance on institutionalized labor-management cooperation schemes — are familiar to readers of Against the Current. The roots of this crisis — the dominance of bureaucratic business unionism and the weakness of rank-and file-led reform movements from below — are also well-known.
66. Velvet Revolution
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government in 1989.
67. Victims of the European revolutions
    Resource Type: Article
    First Published: 1991
    European gypsy communities have historically been, and remain, the most marginalized social group.
68. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    The Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in German occupied Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to Treblinka extermination camp.
69. Warsaw Uprising
    Connexipedia Article
    Resource Type: Article
    A struggle by the Polish Home Army to liberate Warsaw from Nazi German occupation during World War II.

Experts on Europe/Histoire in the Sources Directory

1. The British Museum
2. Deutsches Historisches Museum
3. Kunsthistorisches Museum