The Grundrisse
Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy

Marx, Karl

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Year First Published: {12170 The Grundrisse GRUNDRISSE Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy Marx, Karl http://www.connexions.org/CxArchive/MIA/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/index.htm http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/index.htm Marx wrote this huge manuscript as part of his preparation for what would become A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (published in 1859) and Capital (published 1867). The series of seven notebooks were rough-drafted by Marx, chiefly for purposes of self-clarification, during the winter of 1857-8. The manuscript became lost in circumstances still unknown and was first effectively published, in the German original, in 1953. 1857 1973 BC12170s-Grundrisse.jpg B Book - Table of Contents Foreword by Martin Nicolaus Note on the Translation GRUNDRISSE Analytical Contents List Introduction The Chapter on Money The Chapter on Capital Bastiat and Carey Note on the Previous Editions of the Works of Marx and Engels Chronology of the Works of Marx and Engels Analytical Contents List INTRODUCTION (Notebook M) 81 (1) Production in general 81 (2) General relation between production, distribution, exchange and consumption 88 (3) The method of political economy 100 (4) Means (forces) of production and relations of production, relations of production and relations of circulation 109 THE CHAPTER ON MONEY (Notebooks I and II, pp. 1-7) 113 Darimon's theory of crises 115 Gold export and crises 125 Convertibility and note circulation 130 Value and price 136 Transformation of the commodity into exchange value; money 140 Contradictions in the money relation 147 (1) Contradiction between commodity as product and commodity as exchange value 147 (2) Contradiction between purchase and sale 148 (3) Contradiction between exchange for the sake of exchange and exchange for the sake of commodities 148 (Aphorisms) 149 (4) Contradiction between money as particular commodity and money as general commodity 150 (The Economist and the Morning Star on money) 151 Attempts to overcome the contradictions by the issue of time-chits 153 Exchange value as mediation of private interests 156 Exchange value (money) as social bond 156 Social relations which create an undeveloped system of exchange 163 Product becomes a commodity; the commodity becomes exchange value; the exchange value of the commodity becomes money 165 Money as measure 166 Money as objectification of general labour time 168 (Incidental remark on gold and silver) 169 Distinction between particular labour time and general labour time 171 Distinction between planned distribution of labour time and measurement of exchange values by labour time 172 (Strabo on money among the Albanians) 173 The precious metals as subjects of the money relation 173 (a) Gold and silver in relation to the other metals 174 (b) Fluctuations in the value-relations between the different metals 180 (c) and (d) (headings only): Sources of gold and silver; money as coin 185 Circulation of money and opposite circulation of commodities 186 General concept of circulation 187 (a) Circulation circulates exchange values in the form of prices 187 (Distinction between real money and accounting money) 190 (b) Money as the medium of exchange 193 (What determines the quantity of money required for circulation) 194 (Comment on (a)) 195 Commodity circulation requires appropriation through alienation 196 Circulation as an endlessly repeated process 197 The price as external to and independent of the commodity 198 Creation of general medium of exchange 199 Exchange as a special business 200 Double motion of circulation: C-M; M-C, and M-C; C-M 201 Three contradictory functions of money 201 (1) Money as general material of contracts, as measuring unit of exchange values 203 (2) Money as medium of exchange and realizer of prices 208 (Money, as representative of price, allows commodities to be exchanged at equivalent prices) 211 (An example of confusion between the contradictory functions of money) (Money as particular commodity and money as general commodity) 213 (3) Money as money: as material representative of wealth (accumulation of money) 215 (Dissolution of ancient communities through money) 223 (Money, unlike coin, has a universal character) 226 (Money in its third function is the negation (negative unity) of its character as medium of circulation and measure) 228 (Money in its metallic being; accumulation of gold and silver) 229 (Headings on money, to be elaborated later) 237 THE CHAPTER ON CAPITAL (Notebooks II pp. 8-28, III-VII) 239 The Chapter on Money as Capital 239 Difficulty in grasping money in its fully developed character as money 239 Simple exchange: relations between the exchangers 240 (Critique of socialists and harmonizers: Bastiat, Proudhon) 247 SECTION ONE: THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF CAPITAL 250 Nothing is expressed when capital is characterized merely as a sum of values 251 Landed property and capital 252 Capital comes from circulation; its content is exchange value; merchant capital, money capital, and money interest 253 Circulation presupposes another process; motion between presupposed extremes 254 Transition from circulation to capitalist production 256 Capital is accumulated labour (etc.) 257 'Capital is a sum of values used for the production of values' 258 Circulation, and exchange value deriving from circulation, the presupposition of capital 259 Exchange value emerging from circulation, a presupposition of circulation, preserving and multiplying itself in it by means of labour 262 Product and capital. Value and capital. Proudhon 264 Capital and labour. Exchange value and use value for exchange value 266 Money and its use value (labour) in this relation capital Self-multiplication of value is its only movement 269 Capital, as regards substance, objectified labour. Its antithesis living, productive labour 271 Productive labour and labour as performance of a service 272 Productive and unproductive labour. A. Smith etc. 273 The two different processes in the exchange of capital with labour 274 Capital and modern landed property 275 The market 279 Exchange between capital and labour. Piecework wages 281 Value of labour power 282 Share of the wage labourer in general wealth determined only quantitatively 283 Money is the worker's equivalent; he thus confronts capital as an equal 284 But the aim of his exchange is satisfaction of his need. Money for him is only medium of circulation 284 Savings, self-denial as means of the worker's enrichment 284 Valuelessness and devaluation of the worker a condition of capital 289 (Labour power as capital!) 293 Wages not productive 294 The exchange between capital and labour belongs within simple circulation, does not enrich the worker 295 Separation of labour and property the precondition of this exchange 295 Labour as object absolute poverty, labour as subject general possibility of wealth 296 Labour without particular specificity confronts capital 296 Labour process absorbed into capital 297 (Capital and capitalist) 303 Production process as content of capital 304 The worker relates to his labour as exchange value, the capitalist as use value 306 The worker divests himself of labour as the wealth-producing power; capital appropriates it as such 307 Transformation of labour into capital 308 Realization process 310 (Costs of production) 315 Mere self-preservation, non-multiplication of value contradicts the essence of capital 316 Capital enters the cost of production as capital. Interest-bearing capital 318 (Parentheses on: original accumulation of capital, historic presuppositions of capital, production in general) 319 Surplus value. Surplus labour time 321 Value of labour. How it is determined 322 Conditions for the self-realization of capital 324 Capital is productive as creator of surplus labour 325 But this is only a historical and transitory phenomenon 325 Theories of surplus value (Ricardo; the Physiocrats; Adam Smith; Ricardo again) 326 Surplus value and productive force. Relation when these increase 333 Result: in proportion as necessary labour is already diminished, the realization of capital becomes more difficult 340 Concerning increases in the value of capital 341 Labour does not reproduce the value of material and instrument, but rather preserves it by relating to them in the labour process as to their objective conditions 354 Absolute surplus labour time. Relative 359 It is not the quantity of living labour, but rather its quality as labour which preserves the labour time already contained in the material 359 The change of form and substance in the direct production process 360 It is inherent in the simple production process that the previous stage of production is preserved through the subsequent one 361 Preservation of the old use value by new labour 362 The quantity of objectified labour is preserved because contact with living labour preserves its quality as use value for new labour 363 In the real production process, the separation of labour from its objective moments of existence is suspended. But in this process labour is already incorporated in capital 364 The capitalist obtains surplus labour free of charge together with the maintenance of the value of material and instrument 365 Through the appropriation of present labour, capital already possesses a claim to the appropriation of future labour 367 Confusion of profit and surplus value. Carey's erroneous calculation 373 The capitalist, who does not pay the worker for the preservation of the old value, then demands remuneration for giving the worker permission to preserve the old capital 374 Surplus Value and profit 376 Difference between consumption of the instrument and of wages. The former consumed in the production process, the latter outside it 378 Increase of surplus value and decrease in rate of profit 381 Multiplication of simultaneous working days 386 Machinery 389 Growth of the constant part of capital in relation to the variable part spent on wages = growth of the productivity of labour 389 Proportion in which capital has to increase in order to employ the same number of workers if productivity rises 390 Percentage of total capital can express very different relations 395 Capital (like property in general) rests on the productivity of labour 397 Increase of surplus labour time. Increase of simultaneous working days. (Population) 398 (Population can increase in proportion as necessary labour time becomes smaller) 400 Transition from the process of the production of capital into the process of circulation 401 SECTION TWO: THE CIRCULATION PROCESS OF CAPITAL 401 Devaluation of capital itself owing to increase of productive forces 402 (Competition) 413 Capital as unity and contradiction of the production process and the realization process 414 Capital as limit to production. Overproduction 415 Demand by the workers themselves 419 Barriers to capitalist production 422 Overproduction; Proudhon 423 Price of the commodity and labour time 424 The capitalist does not sell too dear; but still above what the thing costs him 430 Price can fall below value without damage to capital 432 Number and unit (measure) important in the multiplication of prices 432 Specific accumulation of capital. (Transformation of surplus labour into capital) 433 The determination of value and of prices 433 The general rate of profit 434 the capitalist merely sells at his own cost of production, then it is a transfer to another capitalist. The worker gains almost nothing thereby 436 Barrier of capitalist production. Relation of surplus labour to necessary labour. Proportion of the surplus consumed by capital to that transformed into capital 443 Devaluation during crises 446 Capital coming out of the production process becomes money again 447 (Parenthesis on capital in general) 449 Surplus Labour or Surplus Value Becomes Surplus Capital 450 All the determinants of capitalist production now appear as the result of (wage) labour itself 450 The realization process of labour at the same time its de-realization process 452 Formation of surplus capital I 456 Surplus capital II 456 Inversion of the law of appropriation 458 Chief result of the production and realization process 458 Original Accumulation of Capital 459 Once developed historically, capital itself creates the conditions of its existence 459 (Performance of personal services, as opposed to wage labour) 465 (Parenthesis on inversion of the law of property, real alien relation of the worker to his product, division of labour, machinery) 469 Forms which precede capitalist production. (Concerning the process which precedes the formation of the capital relation or of original accumulation) 471 Exchange of labour for labour rests on the worker's propertylessness 514 Circulation of capital and circulation of money 516 Production process and circulation process moments of production. The productivity of the different capitals (branches of industry) determines that of the individual capital 517 Circulation period. Velocity of circulation substitutes for volume of capital. Mutual dependence of capitals in the velocity of their circulation 518 The four moments in the turnover of capital 520 Moment II to be considered here: transformation of the product into money; duration of this operation 521 Transport costs 521 Circulation costs 524 Means of communication and transport 525 Division of the branches of labour 527 Concentration of many workers; productive force of this concentration 528 General as distinct from particular conditions of production 533 Transport to market (spatial condition of circulation) belongs in the production process 533 Credit, the temporal moment of circulation 534 Capital is circulating capital 536 Influence of circulation on the determination of value; circulation time = time of devaluation 537 Difference between the capitalist mode of production and all earlier ones (universality, propagandistic nature) 540 (Capital itself is the contradiction) 543 Circulation and creation of value 544 Capital not a source of value-creation 547 Continuity of production presupposes suspension of circulation time 548 Theories of Surplus Value 549 Ramsay's view that capital is its own source of profit 549 No surplus value according to Ricardo's law 551 Ricardo's theory of value. Wages and profit 553 Quincey 557 Ricardo 559 Wakefield. Conditions of capitalist production in colonies 563 Surplus value and profit. Example (Malthus) 564 Difference between labour and labour capacity 576 Carey's theory of the cheapening of capital for the worker 579 Carey's theory of the decline of the rate of profit 580 Wakefield on the contradiction between Ricardo's theories of wage labour and of value 581 Bailey on dormant capital and increase of production without previous increase of capital 582 Wade's explanation of capital. Capital, collective force. Capital, civilization 584 Rossi. What is capital? Is raw material capital? Are wages necessary for it? 591 Malthus. Theory of value and of wages 595 Aim of capitalist production value (money), not commodity, use value etc. Chalmers 600 Difference in return. Interruption of the production process. Total duration of the production process. Unequal periods of production 602 The concept of the free labourer contains the pauper. Population and overpopulation 604 Necessary labour. Surplus labour. Surplus population. Surplus capital 608 Adam Smith: work as sacrifice 610 Adam Smith: the origin of profit 614 Surplus labour. Profit. Wages 616 Immovable capital. Return of capital. Fixed capital. John Stuart Mill 616 Turnover of capital. Circulation process. Production process 618 Circulation costs. Circulation time 633 Capital's change of form and of substance; different forms of capital; circulating capital as general character of capital 637 Fixed (tied down) capital and circulating capital 640 Constant and variable capital 649 Competition 649 Surplus value. Production time. Circulation time. Turnover time 652 Competition (continued) 657 Part of capital in production time, part in circulation time 658 Surplus value and production phase. Number of reproductions of capital = number of turnovers 663 Change of form and of matter in the circulation of capital C – M – C. M – C – M 667 Difference between production time and labour time 668 Formation of a mercantile estate; credit 671 Small-scale circulation. The process of exchange between capital and labour capacity generally 673 Threefold character, or mode, of circulation 678 Fixed capital and circulating capital 679 Influence of fixed capital on the total turnover time of capital 684 Fixed capital. Means of labour. Machine 690 Transposition of powers of labour into powers of capital both in fixed and in circulating capital To what extent fixed capital (machine) creates value 701 Fixed capital & continuity of the production process. Machinery & living labour 702 Contradiction between the foundation of bourgeois production (value as measure) and its development 704 Significance of the development of fixed capital (for the development of capital generally) 707 The chief role of capital is to create disposable time; contradictory form of this in capital 708 Durability of fixed capital 710 Real saving (economy) = saving of labour time = development of productive force 711 True conception of the process of social production 712 Owen's historical conception of industrial (capitalist) production 712 Capital and value of natural agencies 714 Scope of fixed capital indicates the level of capitalist production 715 Is money fixed capital or circulating capital? 716 Turnover time of capital consisting of fixed capital and circulating capital. Reproduction time of fixed capital 717 The same commodity sometimes circulating capital, sometimes fixed capital 723 Every moment which is a presupposition of production is at the same time its result, in that it reproduces its own conditions 726 The counter-value of circulating capital must be produced within the year. Not so for fixed capital. It engages the production of subsequent years 727 Maintenance costs of fixed capital 732 Revenue of fixed capital and circulating capital 732 Free labour = latent pauperism. Eden 735 The smaller the value of fixed capital in relation to its product, the more useful 737 Movable and immovable, fixed and circulating 739 Connection of circulation and reproduction 741 SECTION THREE: CAPITAL AS FRUCTIFEROUS. Transformation Of Surplus Value into Profit 745 Rate of profit. Fall of the rate of profit 745 Surplus value as profit always expresses a lesser proportion 753 Wakefield, Carey and Bastiat on the rate of profit 754 Capital and revenue (profit). Production and distribution. Sismondi 758 Transformation of surplus value into profit 762 Laws of this transformation 762 Surplus value = relation of surplus labour to necessary labour 764 Value of fixed capital and its productive power 765 Machinery and surplus labour. Recapitulation of the doctrine of surplus value generally 767 Relation between the objective conditions of production. Change in the proportion of the component parts of capital 771 MISCELLANEOUS 778 Money and fixed capital: presupposes a certain amount of wealth. Relation of fixed capital and circulating capital. (Economist) 778 Slavery and wage labour; profit upon alienation (Steuart) 778 Steuart, Montanari and Gouge on money 781 The wool industry in England since Elizabeth; silk- manufacture; iron; cotton 783 Origin of free wage labour. Vagabondage. (Tuckett) 785 Blake on accumulation and rate of profit; dormant capital 786 Domestic agriculture at the beginning of the sixteenth century. (Tuckett) 788 Profit. Interest. Influence of machinery on the wage fund. (Westminster Review ) 789 Money as measure of values and yardstick of prices. Critique of theories of the standard measure of money 789 Transformation of the medium of circulation into money. Formation of treasures. Means of payment. Prices of commodities and quantity of circulating money. Value of money 805 Capital, not labour, determines the value of money. (Torrens) 816 The minimum of wages 817 Cotton machinery and working men in 1826. (Hodgskin) 818 How the machine creates raw material. (Economist) 818 Machinery and surplus labour 819 Capital and profit. Relation of the worker to the conditions of labour in capitalist production. All parts of capital bring a profit 821 Tendency of the machine to prolong labour 825 Cotton factories in England. Example for machinery and surplus labour 826 Examples from Glasgow for the rate of profit 828 Alienation of the conditions of labour with the development of capital. Inversion 831 Merivale. Natural dependence of the worker in colonies to be replaced by artificial restrictions 833 How the machine saves material. Bread. D'eau de la Malle 834 Development of money and interest 836 Productive consumption. Newman. Transformations of capital. Economic cycle 840 Dr Price. Innate power of capital 842 Proudhon. Capital and simple exchange. Surplus 843 Necessity of the worker's propertylessness 845 Galiani 846 Theory of savings. Storch 848 MacCulloch. Surplus. Profit 849 Arnd. Natural interest 850 Interest and profit. Carey 851 How merchant takes the place of master 855 Merchant wealth 856 Commerce with equivalents impossible. Opdyke 861 Principal and interest 862 Double standard 862 On money 864 James Mill's false theory of prices 867 Ricardo on currency 870 On money 871 Theory of foreign trade. Two nations may exchange according to the law of profit in such a way that both gain, but one is always defrauded 872 Money in its third role, as money 872 (I) VALUE (This section to be brought forward) 881 BASTIAT AND CAREY 883 Bastiat's economic harmonies 883 Bastiat on wages 889 CX6310 1 true true false CX6310.htm [0xc0017dadb0 0xc00228fe60 0xc0017edbc0 0xc0003ba720 0xc00051fda0 0xc000327e60 0xc000b07bf0 0xc000901230 0xc0000b2480 0xc0001b61e0 0xc000a68c00 0xc000b0eb10 0xc000f5fa10 0xc00153f260 0xc000262510 0xc000bd18f0 0xc001fe36e0] Cx}
Year Published: 1973
Resource Type: Book
Cx Number: CX6310

Marx wrote this huge manuscript as part of his preparation for what would become A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (published in 1859) and Capital (published 1867). The series of seven notebooks were rough-drafted by Marx, chiefly for purposes of self-clarification, during the winter of 1857-8. The manuscript became lost in circumstances still unknown and was first effectively published, in the German original, in 1953.

Abstract:
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Table of Contents

Foreword by Martin Nicolaus
Note on the Translation

GRUNDRISSE

Analytical Contents List
Introduction
The Chapter on Money
The Chapter on Capital
Bastiat and Carey

Note on the Previous Editions of the Works of Marx and Engels

Chronology of the Works of Marx and Engels

Analytical Contents List

INTRODUCTION (Notebook M) 81
(1) Production in general 81
(2) General relation between production, distribution, exchange and consumption 88
(3) The method of political economy 100
(4) Means (forces) of production and relations of production, relations of production and relations of circulation 109

THE CHAPTER ON MONEY (Notebooks I and II, pp. 1-7)
113
Darimon's theory of crises 115
Gold export and crises 125
Convertibility and note circulation 130
Value and price 136
Transformation of the commodity into exchange value; money 140
Contradictions in the money relation 147
(1) Contradiction between commodity as product and commodity as exchange value 147
(2) Contradiction between purchase and sale 148
(3) Contradiction between exchange for the sake of exchange and exchange for the sake of commodities 148
(Aphorisms) 149
(4) Contradiction between money as particular commodity and money as general commodity 150
(The Economist and the Morning Star on money) 151
Attempts to overcome the contradictions by the issue of time-chits 153
Exchange value as mediation of private interests 156
Exchange value (money) as social bond 156
Social relations which create an undeveloped system of exchange 163
Product becomes a commodity; the commodity becomes exchange value; the exchange value of the commodity becomes money 165
Money as measure 166
Money as objectification of general labour time 168
(Incidental remark on gold and silver) 169
Distinction between particular labour time and general labour time 171
Distinction between planned distribution of labour time and measurement of exchange values by labour time 172
(Strabo on money among the Albanians) 173
The precious metals as subjects of the money relation 173
(a) Gold and silver in relation to the other metals 174
(b) Fluctuations in the value-relations between the different metals 180
(c) and (d) (headings only): Sources of gold and silver; money as coin 185
Circulation of money and opposite circulation of commodities 186
General concept of circulation 187
(a) Circulation circulates exchange values in the form of prices 187
(Distinction between real money and accounting money) 190
(b) Money as the medium of exchange 193
(What determines the quantity of money required for circulation) 194
(Comment on (a)) 195
Commodity circulation requires appropriation through alienation 196
Circulation as an endlessly repeated process 197
The price as external to and independent of the commodity 198
Creation of general medium of exchange 199
Exchange as a special business 200
Double motion of circulation: C-M; M-C, and M-C; C-M 201
Three contradictory functions of money 201
(1) Money as general material of contracts, as measuring unit of exchange values 203
(2) Money as medium of exchange and realizer of prices 208
(Money, as representative of price, allows commodities to be exchanged at equivalent prices) 211
(An example of confusion between the contradictory functions of money)
(Money as particular commodity and money as general commodity) 213
(3) Money as money: as material representative of wealth (accumulation of money) 215
(Dissolution of ancient communities through money) 223
(Money, unlike coin, has a universal character) 226
(Money in its third function is the negation (negative unity) of its character as medium of circulation and measure) 228
(Money in its metallic being; accumulation of gold and silver) 229
(Headings on money, to be elaborated later) 237

THE CHAPTER ON CAPITAL (Notebooks II pp. 8-28, III-VII) 239
The Chapter on Money as Capital 239
Difficulty in grasping money in its fully developed character as money 239
Simple exchange: relations between the exchangers 240
(Critique of socialists and harmonizers: Bastiat, Proudhon) 247

SECTION ONE: THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF CAPITAL 250
Nothing is expressed when capital is characterized merely as a sum of values 251
Landed property and capital 252
Capital comes from circulation; its content is exchange value; merchant capital, money capital, and money interest 253
Circulation presupposes another process; motion between presupposed extremes 254
Transition from circulation to capitalist production 256
Capital is accumulated labour (etc.) 257
'Capital is a sum of values used for the production of values' 258
Circulation, and exchange value deriving from circulation, the presupposition of capital 259
Exchange value emerging from circulation, a presupposition of circulation, preserving and multiplying itself in it by means of labour 262
Product and capital. Value and capital. Proudhon 264
Capital and labour. Exchange value and use value for exchange value 266
Money and its use value (labour) in this relation capital
Self-multiplication of value is its only movement 269
Capital, as regards substance, objectified labour. Its antithesis living, productive labour 271
Productive labour and labour as performance of a service 272
Productive and unproductive labour. A. Smith etc. 273
The two different processes in the exchange of capital with labour 274
Capital and modern landed property 275
The market 279
Exchange between capital and labour. Piecework wages 281
Value of labour power 282
Share of the wage labourer in general wealth determined only quantitatively 283
Money is the worker's equivalent; he thus confronts capital as an equal 284
But the aim of his exchange is satisfaction of his need. Money for him is only medium of circulation 284
Savings, self-denial as means of the worker's enrichment 284
Valuelessness and devaluation of the worker a condition of capital 289
(Labour power as capital!) 293
Wages not productive 294
The exchange between capital and labour belongs within simple circulation, does not enrich the worker 295
Separation of labour and property the precondition of this exchange 295
Labour as object absolute poverty, labour as subject general possibility of wealth 296
Labour without particular specificity confronts capital 296
Labour process absorbed into capital 297
(Capital and capitalist) 303
Production process as content of capital 304
The worker relates to his labour as exchange value, the capitalist as use value 306
The worker divests himself of labour as the wealth-producing power; capital appropriates it as such 307
Transformation of labour into capital 308
Realization process 310
(Costs of production) 315
Mere self-preservation, non-multiplication of value contradicts the essence of capital 316
Capital enters the cost of production as capital. Interest-bearing capital 318
(Parentheses on: original accumulation of capital, historic presuppositions of capital, production in general) 319
Surplus value. Surplus labour time 321
Value of labour. How it is determined 322
Conditions for the self-realization of capital 324
Capital is productive as creator of surplus labour 325
But this is only a historical and transitory phenomenon 325
Theories of surplus value (Ricardo; the Physiocrats; Adam Smith; Ricardo again) 326
Surplus value and productive force. Relation when these increase 333
Result: in proportion as necessary labour is already diminished, the realization of capital becomes more difficult 340
Concerning increases in the value of capital 341
Labour does not reproduce the value of material and instrument, but rather preserves it by relating to them in the labour process as to their objective conditions 354
Absolute surplus labour time. Relative 359
It is not the quantity of living labour, but rather its quality as labour which preserves the labour time already contained in the material 359
The change of form and substance in the direct production process 360
It is inherent in the simple production process that the previous stage of production is preserved through the subsequent one 361
Preservation of the old use value by new labour 362
The quantity of objectified labour is preserved because contact with living labour preserves its quality as use value for new labour 363
In the real production process, the separation of labour from its objective moments of existence is suspended. But in this process labour is already incorporated in capital 364
The capitalist obtains surplus labour free of charge together with the maintenance of the value of material and instrument 365
Through the appropriation of present labour, capital already possesses a claim to the appropriation of future labour 367
Confusion of profit and surplus value. Carey's erroneous calculation 373
The capitalist, who does not pay the worker for the preservation of the old value, then demands remuneration for giving the worker permission to preserve the old capital 374
Surplus Value and profit 376
Difference between consumption of the instrument and of wages. The former consumed in the production process, the latter outside it 378
Increase of surplus value and decrease in rate of profit 381
Multiplication of simultaneous working days 386
Machinery 389
Growth of the constant part of capital in relation to the variable part spent on wages = growth of the productivity of labour 389
Proportion in which capital has to increase in order to employ the same number of workers if productivity rises 390
Percentage of total capital can express very different relations 395
Capital (like property in general) rests on the productivity of labour 397
Increase of surplus labour time. Increase of simultaneous working days. (Population) 398
(Population can increase in proportion as necessary labour time becomes smaller) 400
Transition from the process of the production of capital into the process of circulation 401

SECTION TWO: THE CIRCULATION PROCESS OF CAPITAL 401
Devaluation of capital itself owing to increase of productive forces 402
(Competition) 413
Capital as unity and contradiction of the production process and the realization process 414
Capital as limit to production. Overproduction 415
Demand by the workers themselves 419
Barriers to capitalist production 422
Overproduction; Proudhon 423
Price of the commodity and labour time 424
The capitalist does not sell too dear; but still above what the thing costs him 430
Price can fall below value without damage to capital 432
Number and unit (measure) important in the multiplication of prices 432
Specific accumulation of capital. (Transformation of surplus labour into capital) 433
The determination of value and of prices 433
The general rate of profit 434
the capitalist merely sells at his own cost of production, then it is a transfer to another capitalist. The worker gains almost nothing thereby 436
Barrier of capitalist production. Relation of surplus labour to necessary labour. Proportion of the surplus consumed by capital to that transformed into capital 443
Devaluation during crises 446
Capital coming out of the production process becomes money again 447
(Parenthesis on capital in general) 449
Surplus Labour or Surplus Value Becomes Surplus Capital 450
All the determinants of capitalist production now appear as the result of (wage) labour itself 450
The realization process of labour at the same time its de-realization process 452
Formation of surplus capital I 456
Surplus capital II 456
Inversion of the law of appropriation 458
Chief result of the production and realization process 458
Original Accumulation of Capital 459
Once developed historically, capital itself creates the conditions of its existence 459
(Performance of personal services, as opposed to wage labour) 465
(Parenthesis on inversion of the law of property, real alien relation of the worker to his product, division of labour, machinery) 469
Forms which precede capitalist production. (Concerning the process which precedes the formation of the capital relation or of original accumulation) 471
Exchange of labour for labour rests on the worker's propertylessness 514
Circulation of capital and circulation of money 516
Production process and circulation process moments of production. The productivity of the different capitals (branches of industry) determines that of the individual capital 517
Circulation period. Velocity of circulation substitutes for volume of capital. Mutual dependence of capitals in the velocity of their circulation 518
The four moments in the turnover of capital 520
Moment II to be considered here: transformation of the product into money; duration of this operation 521
Transport costs 521
Circulation costs 524
Means of communication and transport 525
Division of the branches of labour 527
Concentration of many workers; productive force of this concentration 528
General as distinct from particular conditions of production 533
Transport to market (spatial condition of circulation) belongs in the production process 533
Credit, the temporal moment of circulation 534
Capital is circulating capital 536
Influence of circulation on the determination of value; circulation time = time of devaluation 537
Difference between the capitalist mode of production and all earlier ones (universality, propagandistic nature) 540
(Capital itself is the contradiction) 543
Circulation and creation of value 544
Capital not a source of value-creation 547
Continuity of production presupposes suspension of circulation time 548

Theories of Surplus Value 549
Ramsay's view that capital is its own source of profit 549
No surplus value according to Ricardo's law 551
Ricardo's theory of value. Wages and profit 553
Quincey 557
Ricardo 559
Wakefield. Conditions of capitalist production in colonies 563
Surplus value and profit. Example (Malthus) 564
Difference between labour and labour capacity 576
Carey's theory of the cheapening of capital for the worker 579
Carey's theory of the decline of the rate of profit 580
Wakefield on the contradiction between Ricardo's theories of wage labour and of value 581
Bailey on dormant capital and increase of production without previous increase of capital 582
Wade's explanation of capital. Capital, collective force. Capital, civilization 584
Rossi. What is capital? Is raw material capital? Are wages necessary for it? 591
Malthus. Theory of value and of wages 595
Aim of capitalist production value (money), not commodity, use value etc. Chalmers 600
Difference in return. Interruption of the production process. Total duration of the production process. Unequal periods of production 602
The concept of the free labourer contains the pauper. Population and overpopulation 604
Necessary labour. Surplus labour. Surplus population. Surplus capital 608
Adam Smith: work as sacrifice 610
Adam Smith: the origin of profit 614
Surplus labour. Profit. Wages 616
Immovable capital. Return of capital. Fixed capital. John Stuart Mill 616
Turnover of capital. Circulation process. Production process 618
Circulation costs. Circulation time 633
Capital's change of form and of substance; different forms of capital; circulating capital as general character of capital 637
Fixed (tied down) capital and circulating capital 640
Constant and variable capital 649
Competition 649
Surplus value. Production time. Circulation time. Turnover time 652
Competition (continued) 657
Part of capital in production time, part in circulation time 658
Surplus value and production phase. Number of reproductions of capital = number of turnovers 663
Change of form and of matter in the circulation of capital C – M – C. M – C – M 667
Difference between production time and labour time 668
Formation of a mercantile estate; credit 671
Small-scale circulation. The process of exchange between capital and labour capacity generally 673
Threefold character, or mode, of circulation 678
Fixed capital and circulating capital 679
Influence of fixed capital on the total turnover time of capital 684
Fixed capital. Means of labour. Machine 690
Transposition of powers of labour into powers of capital both in fixed and in circulating capital
To what extent fixed capital (machine) creates value 701
Fixed capital & continuity of the production process. Machinery & living labour 702
Contradiction between the foundation of bourgeois production (value as measure) and its development 704
Significance of the development of fixed capital (for the development of capital generally) 707
The chief role of capital is to create disposable time; contradictory form of this in capital 708
Durability of fixed capital 710
Real saving (economy) = saving of labour time = development of productive force 711
True conception of the process of social production 712
Owen's historical conception of industrial (capitalist) production 712
Capital and value of natural agencies 714
Scope of fixed capital indicates the level of capitalist production 715
Is money fixed capital or circulating capital? 716
Turnover time of capital consisting of fixed capital and circulating capital. Reproduction time of fixed capital 717
The same commodity sometimes circulating capital, sometimes fixed capital 723
Every moment which is a presupposition of production is at the same time its result, in that it reproduces its own conditions 726
The counter-value of circulating capital must be produced within the year. Not so for fixed capital. It engages the production of subsequent years 727
Maintenance costs of fixed capital 732
Revenue of fixed capital and circulating capital 732
Free labour = latent pauperism. Eden 735
The smaller the value of fixed capital in relation to its product, the more useful 737
Movable and immovable, fixed and circulating 739
Connection of circulation and reproduction 741

SECTION THREE: CAPITAL AS FRUCTIFEROUS.
Transformation Of Surplus Value into Profit 745
Rate of profit. Fall of the rate of profit 745
Surplus value as profit always expresses a lesser proportion 753
Wakefield, Carey and Bastiat on the rate of profit 754
Capital and revenue (profit). Production and distribution. Sismondi 758
Transformation of surplus value into profit 762
Laws of this transformation 762
Surplus value = relation of surplus labour to necessary labour 764
Value of fixed capital and its productive power 765
Machinery and surplus labour. Recapitulation of the doctrine of surplus value generally 767
Relation between the objective conditions of production. Change in the proportion of the component parts of capital 771

MISCELLANEOUS 778
Money and fixed capital: presupposes a certain amount of wealth. Relation of fixed capital and circulating capital. (Economist) 778
Slavery and wage labour; profit upon alienation (Steuart) 778
Steuart, Montanari and Gouge on money 781
The wool industry in England since Elizabeth; silk- manufacture; iron; cotton 783
Origin of free wage labour. Vagabondage. (Tuckett) 785
Blake on accumulation and rate of profit; dormant capital 786
Domestic agriculture at the beginning of the sixteenth century. (Tuckett) 788
Profit. Interest. Influence of machinery on the wage fund. (Westminster Review ) 789
Money as measure of values and yardstick of prices. Critique of theories of the standard measure of money 789
Transformation of the medium of circulation into money. Formation of treasures. Means of payment. Prices of commodities and quantity of circulating money. Value of money 805
Capital, not labour, determines the value of money. (Torrens) 816
The minimum of wages 817
Cotton machinery and working men in 1826. (Hodgskin) 818
How the machine creates raw material. (Economist) 818
Machinery and surplus labour 819
Capital and profit. Relation of the worker to the conditions of labour in capitalist production. All parts of capital bring a profit 821
Tendency of the machine to prolong labour 825
Cotton factories in England. Example for machinery and surplus labour 826
Examples from Glasgow for the rate of profit 828
Alienation of the conditions of labour with the development of capital. Inversion 831
Merivale. Natural dependence of the worker in colonies to be replaced by artificial restrictions 833
How the machine saves material. Bread. D'eau de la Malle 834
Development of money and interest 836
Productive consumption. Newman. Transformations of capital. Economic cycle 840
Dr Price. Innate power of capital 842
Proudhon. Capital and simple exchange. Surplus 843
Necessity of the worker's propertylessness 845
Galiani 846
Theory of savings. Storch 848
MacCulloch. Surplus. Profit 849
Arnd. Natural interest 850
Interest and profit. Carey 851
How merchant takes the place of master 855
Merchant wealth 856
Commerce with equivalents impossible. Opdyke 861
Principal and interest 862
Double standard 862
On money 864
James Mill's false theory of prices 867
Ricardo on currency 870
On money 871
Theory of foreign trade. Two nations may exchange according to the law of profit in such a way that both gain, but one is always defrauded 872
Money in its third role, as money 872

(I) VALUE (This section to be brought forward) 881
BASTIAT AND CAREY 883
Bastiat's economic harmonies 883
Bastiat on wages 889

The GrundrisseOutlines of the Critique of Political Economy

Subject Headings

The Grundrisse
Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy