This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)

Part of the Politics series on
Green politics
Core topics Green politics Green party List of Green topics
Four Pillars Ecological wisdom Grassroots democracy Nonviolence Social justice
Schools Bright green environmentalism Deep ecology Eco-feminism– Eco-socialism Green anarchism Green conservatism Green left– Green liberalism Green libertarianism Green municipalism Green Zionism Green syndicalism Social ecology
Organizations in Africa in the Americas Asia-Pacific Green Network European Green Party Young European Greens Global Greens Global Young Greens Green Zionist Alliance Green parties
Related topics Conservation movement Eco-capitalism Ecology movement Ecocentrism Environmentalism Free-market environmentalism Green libertarianism Green Zionism Environmental issues
Environment Portal Politics portal
v – d – e

Social ecology is a philosophy developed by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s.

It holds that present ecological problems are rooted in deep-seated social problems, particularly in dominatory hierarchical political and social systems. These have resulted in an uncritical acceptance of an overly competitive grow-or-die philosophy. It suggests that this cannot be resisted by individual action such as ethical consumerism but must be addressed by more nuanced ethical thinking and collective activity grounded in radical democratic ideals. The complexity of relationships between people and with nature is emphasised, along with the importance of establishing social structures that take account of this.

[edit] Overview

The philosophy's "social" component comes from its position that nearly all of the world's ecological problems arise from deep-seated social problems. Conversely, social ecologists maintain, present ecological problems cannot be clearly understood, much less resolved, without resolutely dealing with problems within society. They argue that apart from those produced by natural catastrophes, the most serious ecological dislocations of the 20th and 21st centuries have as their cause economic, ethnic, cultural, and gender conflicts, among many others.

Social ecology is associated with the ideas and works of Murray Bookchin, who had written on such matters from the 1950s until his death, and, from the 1960s, had combined these issues with revolutionary social anarchism. His works include Post-Scarcity Anarchism, Toward an Ecological Society, The Ecology of Freedom, and a host of others.

Social ecology locates the roots of the ecological crisis firmly in relations of domination between people. The domination of nature is seen as a product of domination within society, but this domination only reaches crisis proportions under capitalism. In the words of Bookchin:

The notion that man must dominate nature emerges directly from the domination of man by man– But it was not until organic community relation – dissolved into market relationships that the planet itself was reduced to a resource for exploitation. This centuries-long tendency finds its most exacerbating development in modern capitalism. Owing to its inherently competitive nature, bourgeois society not only pits humans against each other, it also pits the mass of humanity against the natural world. Just as men are converted into commodities, so every aspect of nature is converted into a commodity, a resource to be manufactured and merchandised wantonly. – The plundering of the human spirit by the market place is paralleled by the plundering of the earth by capital

–Bookchin, Murray, Post Scarcity Anarchism, p.24–25

Beginning in 1995, Bookchin became increasingly critical of anarchism, and in 1999 took a decisive stand against anarchist ideology. He had come to recognize social ecology as a genuinely new form of libertarian socialism, and positioned its politics firmly in the framework of communalism.^[1]

Since the founding of Social Ecology its evolution has been considerable. Now it is involved in research and instruction and –Is informed by and contributes to knowledge in the social, behavioral, legal, environmental, and health sciences. Social Ecology faculty apply scientific methods to the study of a wide array of recurring social, behavioral, and environmental problems. Among issues of long-standing interest in the School are crime and justice in society, social influences on human development over the life cycle, and the effects of the physical environment on health and human behavior. While the field of ecology focuses on the relationships between organisms and their environments, social ecology is concerned with the relationships between human populations and their environments.–^[2]

[edit] Contrasting views

[edit] Related topics

• Institute for Social Ecology
• Peter Kropotkin

[edit] See also

	Sustainable development portal
	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Earth sciences portal
	Energy portal

• Biodiversity
• Conservation movement
• Conservation ethic
• Earth Science
• Ecology
• Environmental movement
• Global warming
• Natural environment
• Nature
• Panarchy
• Polytely
• Recycling
• School of Social Ecology
• Sustainability

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Bookchin, Murray (2004). Post-Scarcity Anarchism. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 1904859062. OCLC 232006054. 
• Bookchin, Murray (2005). The Ecology of Freedom. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 1904859267. 

[edit] External links

• The Institute for Social Ecology
• Libertarian Communist Library Murray Bookchin holdings
• Social Ecology London English study/action group exploring the philosophy of social ecology.