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Sporting boycott of South Africa
South Africa under apartheid was subjected to a variety of international boycotts, including on sporting contacts. There was some debate about whether the aim of the boycott was to end segregation in sport or to end apartheid altogether.[1]
[edit] United NationsIn 1980, the United Nations began compiling a "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa".[2] This was a list of sportspeople and official who had participated in events within South Africa.[2] It was compiled mainly from reports in South African newspapers.[2] Being listed did not itself result in any punishment, but was regarded as a moral pressure on athletes.[2] Some sports bodies would discipline athletes based on the register.[2] Athletes could have their names deleted from the register by giving a written undertaking not to return to apartheid South Africa to compete.[2] The register is regarded as having been an effective instrument.[1][3][4] The UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports on 10 December 1985.[5] [edit] Olympic GamesThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) withdrew its invitation to South Africa to the 1964 Summer Olympics when interior minister Jan de Klerk insisted the team would not be racially integrated.[6] In 1968, the IOC was prepared to readmit South Africa after assurances that its team would be multi-racial; but a threatened boycott by African nations and others forestalled this.[7] South Africa was formally expelled from the IOC in 1970.[8] In 1976, African nations demanded that New Zealand be suspended by the IOC for continued contacts with South Africa, including a tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team. When the IOC refused, the African teams withdrew from the games.[9] This contributed to the Gleneagles Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth in 1977.[10] The IOC adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on June 21, 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.[3] [edit] By sportThe extent of boycotting varied between different sports, in the degree of contact permitted and the severity of punishment of "rebels" who defied the sanctions. [edit] AthleticsIn track and field athletics, a motion to suspend South Africa from the IAAF was defeated in 1966,[11] but had been passed by 1970.[12] Zola Budd's time for the women's 5,000m in January 1984 was not ratified as a world record because it was outside the auspices of the IAAF.[13] [edit] CricketThe cricketing boycott was prompted by the reaction of the South African authorities to the selection of Basil D'Oliveira, a "Cape Coloured" South African, by the England national cricket team in 1968.[14] The 1970 South African tour of England was called off and replaced by a "Rest of the World" tour featuring many South African players. The International Cricket Conference (ICC) imposed a moratorium on tours in 1970.[12] There were several private tours in the 1970s and "rebel" tours in the 1980s. Participants in the latter were banned by their national federations upon returning. World Series Cricket, run outside the auspices of the ICC in 1977–9, included South African players in its "Rest of the World" team. [edit] GolfIn the World Cup, the Greek government banned South Africa from the 1979 competition in Athens. South Africa competed in the 1980 edition in Caracas. The prospect of their appearing in the 1981 edition, due to be staged at Waterville in Ireland, caused it to be cancelled. South Africa did not reappear until the post-apartheid era in 1992.[15] South African golfers continued to play around the world, including US PGA tour, PGA European Tour, and Grand Slam events. Outside golfers competed freely in South African Tour events. The Million Dollar Challenge at the Sun City resort regularly attracted some of the world's top golfers. The Official World Golf Rankings included South African Tour events in its calculations from its instigation in 1986.[16] [edit] Motor sportSouth African Jody Scheckter was the 1979 Formula One champion. The South African Formula One Grand Prix and the South African motorcycle Grand Prix were held in 1985 for the final time until the end of apartheid. Various teams boycotted the 1985 Formula One race, some teams in this international motorsport boycotting as part of pressure from their own governments, as part of the mounting pressure against apartheid. [edit] Rugby unionSouth Africa remained a member of the International Rugby Board throughout the apartheid era. Halt All Racist Tours was established in New Zealand in 1969 to oppose continued tours to and from South Africa. Though contacts were restricted after the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977, there were controversial tours in 1980 by the British Lions and by France, in 1981 by Ireland, and in 1984 by England. South Africa toured New Zealand in 1981. South Africa were excluded from the first two Rugby World Cups, in 1987 and 1991. [edit] SoccerSouth Africa was suspended from FIFA in 1963. Stanley Rous, FIFA's President, went to negotiate its reinstatement. The South African FA proposed entering an all-white team in the 1966 World Cup and an all-black team in the 1970 World Cup. This proposal was rejected.[8] [edit] Table tennisThe South African Table Tennis Board (SATTB), a body founded in contravention to the white South African table tennis board, was replaced for the latter by the International Table Tennis Federation. While the SATTB team was able to participate in the world championships held in Stockholm in 1957, team members were immediately refused passports by the government. It ruled that no black could compete internationally except through the white sports body. [edit] TennisThe South Africa Davis Cup team was excluded from the 1970 Davis Cup, in part thanks to campaigning by Arthur Ashe. It was reinstated in later years and won the 1974 Davis Cup after India refused to travel to South Africa for the final. South Africa were subsequently barred from the team competition, but South African players competed on the pro tours. Johan Kriek and Kevin Curren reached Grand Slam finals, though both later became naturalized U.S. citizens. [edit] End of apartheidWith the end of apartheid, sports rapidly ended their boycotts. The European Community announced its member governments' ending of the boycott in June 1991.[17] The country's hosting and winning of the 1995 Rugby World Cup was a powerful boost to post-apartheid South Africa's return to the international sporting scene.[18] [edit] See also[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
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